Tag: University of Vermont

It’s a Friday afternoon—the final day of fall semester classes—and all across campus exams and deadlines loom in the not-too-distant future. But in Fleming 101, the anxiety of finals dissipates as students file in to the lecture hall and settle in their seats for one last class of AS 096: Drugs, Demons and Dancing.

Malevolent in name only, the course is an interdisciplinary exploration of the relationship between the mind, brain, behavior, body and the physical world—commonly referred to as the “mind-body problem.” On this particular day, it’s theatre and dance professor Paul Besaw’s turn to lead the class, which he co-teaches thrice weekly with religion professor Vicki Brennan and psychological science professor Sayamwong (Jom) Hammack. As students make their way into the classroom, he projects a video of an eccentric yet upbeat Korean pop-rock performance that plays gently in the background without context.

Besaw explains later that the artists behind the video reimagined a traditional Korean song and dance style into an unexpected contemporary form that he’s been enjoying lately. “Traditions are always evolving because patterns and habits, sequences and improv happen,” he says. Today he will discuss how patterns, improv, sequences and habits bind his and his colleagues’ various fields of study together. And, because it’s his turn to lead, students will have a chance to “shake out the ‘bleh’ of this week.”

Inherently Interdisciplinary

So, how exactly do religion, theatre, dance, psychology and neuroscience relate? “These seemingly very, very different areas have much more overlap and connectivity than you’d think,” Besaw says. “Once you get into that connectivity, it’s very complex. It’s not easy. But that’s what’s fun about it for us, is teasing that out.”

According to Brennan, they’re all “a natural fit” for analyzing the mind-body problem and collectively offer a unique understanding of what it means to be human from a scientific, humanistic and artistic perspective. Consider, for example, an out-of-body or a religious experience. “Religious experiences are ways of embodying different forms of consciousness or altering consciousness—and so are drugs,” Brennan explains.

Together the unlikely trio have covered topics like emotion, memory, exercise and anxiety, anatomy, pharmacology, philosophy, habits, patterns and instincts and have welcomed guest presenters like dancer Miguel Gutierrez, violinist Daniel Bernard Roumain (DBR) and Dean of UVM’s College of Arts and Sciences William Falls to name a few. Experimental in approach and content, their own questions, conversations and curiosities about each other’s work frequently play out in class in real time, like a demonstration in creative and exploratory thought. “We hope that students see that as part of the way that knowledge about the world is produced, how things get done and how action in the world is accomplished,” Brennan says.

“There are a lot of big questions that people come to college to ask and I think this class shows you that there are different ways to answer them and that they’re all relevant,” Hammack adds.

In fact, that decompartmentalized approach to knowledge is what first-year student and undeclared major Cameron Lopresti ’23 says was most beneficial to him from the course. Taken alongside introductory psychology and philosophy classes, Drugs, Demons and Dancing “mapped on to my entire schedule really well and tied my classes together,” he says, noting that Hammack’s material on brain anatomy directly aided him in a concurrent psychology class and that a unit in philosophy on Descartes—who first addressed the mind-body problem—provided deeper context to the class as a whole. 

On the opposite end of their UVM path, graduating English major and psychological sciences minor—and poet—Maddie Strasen ’20 is taking away a greater awareness of habit and improvisation from the class, as well as a memory that will stay with her for years to come. Strasen found herself participating in a spontaneous and powerful two-person performance with violinist DBR during his class visit, when he asked her to accompany his music with a reading of her poetry. On the spot and nervous, she surprised even herself when she agreed to share a poem about systemic racism with nearly 100 other students in the class. “DBR saw potential in me and didn’t hesitate to let me know that,” she says, grateful for the experience.

Professors Paul Besaw, Vicki Brennan and Jom Hammack.

Collective Effervescence

About halfway through the final class, Besaw brings those big, lofty ideas of habit, ritual and improvisation back down to earth, into their very lecture hall. “We walk into the room differently, but most of us sit in the same place every day,” he points out. “We’ve become so predictable. It’s reassuring and satisfying.”

He instructs the class to rise out of their seats and—to the tune of “Send Me on My Way” by Rusted Root—improvise their way around the room. He encourages them to make sounds and noises, to crawl on the ground if they like; just move freely about the room and encounter others. It takes a few seconds, but soon enough roughly 100 students are improvising with ease in every direction. Even Brennan and Hammack do their best to free flow around the aisles and seats and embrace the ephemeral with their students.

Then, all together at once, the room begins to clap in sync to the beat of the music. In the last few minutes of class, Brennan describes this as a moment of “‘collective effervescence,’ when a community realizes its force as a group and celebrates its force together. We move together and celebrate ourselves as a whole,” she explains.

At the conclusion of the inaugural class, Besaw, Brennan and Hammack huddle together to thank their students for going along with the experimental course and the university for encouraging collaborative classes like this to come to fruition. They’ll be offering the course again next fall and, in a final demonstration in creative and exploratory thought, they turn the remainder of class back over to their students—what else are they curious about? What more do they want to know?

“Where did the name of the class come from?” a student asks right out of the gate. Brennan confesses that though the desire and need for the interdisciplinary class had been on their minds for a while, a name for it hadn’t. “I said, as a joke, ‘You could call it Drugs, Demons and Dancing, because that’ll get everybody interested.’ I guess it worked.”

Source: UVM News

It was a transformative year at the University of Vermont, a fitting finale to a decade that saw sweeping change across campus, from new facilities and programs to groundbreaking research discoveries. Here’s a look back at some of 2019’s biggest moments.

1. Research and Scholarship That Changed the World

Cracking the code of marine mammal communication. The invention of the world’s strongest silver. Uncovering food insecurity among farm workers. Across disciplines, our faculty deepened and shifted our understanding of the world. And the world took notice. UVM was awarded $6.6 million to address rural addiction, based on an innovative treatment model developed by faculty; “Black is the Body,” a book of essays by Emily Bernard, garnered national acclaim; three faculty members were named among the world’s most-cited researchers of the year; and leading scholars from around the globe gathered on campus to discuss climate change clues that may be contained in rare ice samples.

2. #MeToo Founder and Other Inspiring Guests

Visitors to campus this year included Tarana Burke, founder of the “me too” movement to end sexual violence, who brought an audience to their feet this past spring. “This is our moment. This is our time. This is our movement,” said Burke, pictured. Another highlight: pioneering climate scientist Michael Mann, who spoke to a packed Ira Allen Chapel in October about what climate change denial means for today’s politics and the future. Watch Mann’s remarks.

3. Beginnings and Endings

The Class of 2019 graduated in May (with a record-breaking four-year graduation rate), sent off with a commencement address delivered by Ford Foundation president Darren Walker, who urged grads to bridge divides in America. A few months later, the Class of 2023 gathered on the Green to begin their college journey. For the fifth year in a row, the first-year class achieved the highest academic credentials in university history.

4. Highest Honors

It’s one of the greatest honors a scientist can achieve: In April, Mark Nelson, chair of Pharmacology and a University Distinguished Professor, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. He’s internationally recognized for his contributions to our understanding of the control of blood flow within the brain. “Mark’s discoveries have set the investigative direction for researchers around the world,” said David Warshaw, chair of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.

5. Access and Affordability

UVM made strides toward improving access and affordability for students in Vermont and beyond, including launching an innovative pilot program that provides college counseling and support to high school students; establishing the $3.3 million Leahy Fund to benefit Honors College and Gund Institute students; and announcing a planned tuition freeze for the coming year. “It’s critical that we do everything we can to address the pressures that families and individuals face in their effort to achieve their educational goals,” said President Suresh Garimella.

6. Ranked Among the Best

Notable nods for UVM this year? No. 4 Top Green School. No. 8 ROTC Program in the nation. A top Peace Corps volunteer-producing school. A top northeastern LGBTQ-friendly school. And our Sustainable Innovation MBA Program? Ranked No. 1 Best Green MBA for the third year straight.

7. Go Cats Go

UVM Skiing played host to the 2019 NCAA Skiing Championships, placing second as a team to Utah, with Laurence St. Germain placing first in giant slalom after her 2018 Olympics debut. Another proud moment for Catamount Nation, following regular season and conference tournament championships in America East: men’s basketball’s first-round March Madness game, a hard-fought match-up with Florida State. The Duncan brothers made history that day as the first trio of brothers to play together in a tournament game.

8. New Leadership

With regal marches and a hefty mace, UVM formally installed Suresh Garimella as its 27th president in October. In his remarks, Garimella spoke to the university’s place in history as leaders of equality and opportunity in American higher education. He celebrated UVM’s land grant heritage and noted that having the desk of Land Grant Act author Sen. Justin Morrill’s in his office “is to me the greatest perk of my position.” In November, Patty Prelock, former dean of the College of Nursing and Health Sciences, was appointed provost and senior vice president of UVM. Learn more about President Garimella.

9. Catamounts Honored

Prestigious honors came for students and young alumni alike. Student Government Association president Jillian Scannell was named a Truman Scholar, one of just 62 juniors to earn the competitive national award; six students and young alumni were Fulbright recipients; and two alumni were honored as Teachers of the Year, Tom Payeur in Vermont and Alhassan Susso in New York State, pictured, who is helping new American students excel.

10. Celebrating a Historic Campaign

In October 2015, President Tom Sullivan formally announced the ambitious $500 million goal of Move Mountains: The Campaign for the University of Vermont. The final total reached $581 million. The generosity of the donors who have made the campaign a resounding success will shape the University of Vermont and UVM Medical Center for years to come. These gifts are already elevating the endeavors of faculty and students and enriching the life of our campus, with 69 new endowed faculty positions, 21 facilities projects, and 291 scholarships added.

11. A Social Moment

What is The University of Vermont? The uninitiated often ask why our initials are “UVM;” the question was no match for Jeopardy champion James Holzhauer in May. This video was our most engaging post on Instagram all year. Follow us on Instagram for more highlights from UVM.

Photos by Andy Duback, Sally McCay, Becky Miller, and the UVM Spatial Analysis Lab.

Source: UVM News

In antiquity, people speculated about the existence of a land at the southern end of the world. “There must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our northern pole,” reasoned Aristotle. He named this place “Antarktikos.” But even into the nineteenth century, Antarctica was entirely shrouded in mystery—and the first person to set foot on its ice was probably a seal hunter from Connecticut, Captain John Davis, in February of 1821, just one year after the giant continent was first sighted from aboard a Russian ship.

“Now it’s critical—existentially critical—to understand Antarctica,” says University of Vermont president Suresh Garimella. In a warming world, melting ice in Antarctica has the potential to contribute more than a foot of sea-level rise by 2100 and two-hundred feet of potential sea-level rise is locked in its ice sheets. “Understanding how—and how fast—the glaciers and ice sheets are moving, melting and growing in this remote part of the planet is of great consequence for all of us,” he says.

As one of twenty-four members of the National Science Board appointed by the President of the United States, Garimella spent a week in December touring the vast ice sheets and landscapes of the Seventh Continent—and inspecting the remarkable science facilities run by the U.S. National Science Foundation on the coast of Antarctica and at the South Pole itself.

UVM science writer Joshua Brown spoke with Garimella about his trip, to learn more about what is being discovered now at the southern end of the world.

Why did the National Science Foundation fly you to Antarctica?

The United States has the largest presence of any country working in Antarctica. We have more than one thousand scientists and staff deployed there. These people are working on projects ranging from a new international effort to understand the Thwaites Glacier—one of the most unstable glaciers in Antarctica, sometimes described as the “weak underbelly” of the ice sheet on West Antarctica—to an advanced neutrino laboratory searching deep in the cosmos for exploding stars, black holes, and, maybe, dark matter too.

These facilities in Antarctica are the largest that the National Science Foundation funds. So it’s important for the National Science Board—that oversees the NSF—to understand the work, to see it firsthand, and get to know the science that’s being supported and the challenges of working there. And it’s part of our fiduciary responsibility, to make sure the funds of the NSF are being spent wisely, strategically. Each year, three or four board members go down and this year I went.

There’s great science—Big Science!—going on down there that couldn’t be done anywhere else. This work is very important for understanding climate change and so much else about the universe—and it was a profound confirmation of the tremendous value of the environment and climate change research happening at UVM.

What’s surprising about Antarctica?

Well, the sheer scale. The scale and extreme nature of the place are humbling. The word “extreme” is used a lot in talking about Antarctica, but I now understand why. Your arrival, your departure, all of that are completely at the mercy of powerful weather conditions there. We were delayed three days in returning. We would go to the airstrip, a new snow squall or weather pattern would come in, and we would have to return to base. This gave me a deeper appreciation of the many challenges of working there.

Many people have been surprised when they see dry land in the pictures (below). Well, Antarctica is a continent, not just a huge blob of ice. Yes, it’s mostly covered with ice—there are thousands of miles of icescapes—but about two percent is exposed land: vast dry valleys and mountains, rocky shores and beaches covered with penguins. You can read about a lot of things on paper, but Antarctica is very hard to get a sense for without actually having been there.

How did you get to Antarctica?

We first flew to Christchurch, New Zealand, where we were issued “ECW” gear—for Extreme Cold Weather—and then went next door to the International Antarctic Center where we gained an initial sense of the NSF presence in this part of the world.

It took us a day of waiting for good weather to be able to fly to Antarctica from New Zealand on a C-17, a large U.S. Air Force transport plane. As we traveled, we could see the first ice floes and icebergs. En route, we dressed in ECW gear for the first time. When we landed at the Phoenix Runway on the Ross Ice Shelf, it was a glorious day, blue skies and a clear view of 12,500-foot Mt. Erebus towering over the landscape. Then it was eight miles, much on ice road, to McMurdo Station on Ross Island. That evening we toured the facilities, including a station in a global radar network—called “SuperDARN”—that’s helping us understand solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere, which is important for how satellites and power grids work.

From there you went inland to the South Pole.

Yes, we were driving over to the runway to take the flight in an LC-130—a transport plane outfitted with skis—and I asked the driver, “where are you from?” “Oh, you wouldn’t know,” he said, “it’s a small place called Danville.” So that was great, to meet this young man, Shane Shelburne, from the Northeast Kingdom—in Antarctica! (And later I was giving a few remarks at a reception held in our honor, and afterwards a young woman introduced herself: Lindsay Steinbauer, a UVM grad, who supervises helicopter operations there. Vermont connections everywhere!)

It was a three-hour flight to the Pole and along the way we were invited to the cockpit and had beautiful views of the mountainous TransAntarctic Range. After we landed on the runway—a pounded track of snow—we saw a weather vane that reads “North” for all four directions. It was thirty below zero Fahrenheit, sixty below with wind chill, but inside the South Pole Station there’s a greenhouse where they can grow fresh produce. We had a tour of that facility, and learned about the IceCube neutrino detector—built in bore-holes that extend thousands of feet down into the ice. We were also introduced to the South Pole Telescope that studies cosmic microwave background to better understand the origins of the universe. The extremely dry and cold air at the South Pole gives it a clearer view of the sky than anywhere in the world. 

We met so many wonderful, skilled people in Antarctica—and I was especially impressed with the enthusiastic students we talked to there who explained the ongoing science to us. The NSF offers a great and unique opportunity for students to spend time on the continent and at the Pole.

Before we flew back to McMurdo we did venture out to visit the ceremonial South Pole and geographic South Pole, where, of course, I had to proudly fly the UVM pennant.

Science at the South Pole.

What other science projects did you see underway?

The next day we took a helicopter tour of Dry Valleys, about 50 nautical miles from McMurdo. There, we saw Camp Fryxall, where scientists are studying lake biology and the surrounding terrain. Students at the site are living in tents and collecting data through the ice in Lake Fryxall. They’re part of an “LTER”—Long Term Ecological Research— limnology team. It’s remarkable how algae and other life can persist and even thrive in these conditions.

Toward the end of the trip we had the amazing opportunity to visit an Adélie penguin rookery and research site (below). It was 50-mile-an-hour-winds and way subzero and we were freezing and falling. But the penguins were going about their business, hatching their pups. We also learned about aquarium studies to better understand some of the remarkable adaptation of species to the conditions there, including gigantism in sea spiders and maturation of fish eggs in the Antarctic climate.

The U.S. is the only country with a station at the South Pole itself, and NOAA and others are doing remarkable work to explore the atmosphere there, using balloons and other techniques to study CO2, ozone and many other measurements that help us understand both weather and climate change.

At McMurdo, there are many science projects at work. For example, a Long Duration Balloon facility run by NASA—including one called “Super-TIGER” that is measuring cosmic rays to study the origin of heavier chemical elements, and another, BLAST, studies star formation.

During our tours, we saw some incredible places: Blood Falls, with oxidized iron from under Taylor glacier flowing out in red on the ice. At Wright Valley, there was a labyrinth formed where there was a massive flood outburst that carved the landscape. We saw a mountain with spectacular striations of Beacon sandstone and Ferrar dolorite. We also stopped in Bull Pass where we saw geological features called ventifacts, these incredible rock formations carved by wind-blown dirt and sand.

It was also humbling to tour inside the huts left behind by the early great Antarctic explorers, Robert Scott’s Discovery Hut and Sir Ernest Shackelton’s Nimrod Hut. It’s all preserved because of the deep cold there—and let’s just say that they didn’t have indoor greenhouses.

As a member of the National Science Board, you oversee the National Science Foundation and advise the president and Congress on science policy. After your visit to Antarctica, do you feel like the work there is being done well?

Yes, important science is being conducted there that couldn’t be done anywhere else. Our board has toured other impressive NSF facilities around the world, including sites in Colorado making atmospheric measurements. But Antarctica is at a wholly different scale: at McMurdo Station there is an extensive set of facilities—from a hospital to a fire station—to support the U.S.’s scientific work, with great logistics support from the U.S. military.

There are many countries working collaboratively in Antarctica, and there are so many collaborative projects and conversations, but the United States and the National Science Foundation are the undisputed scientific leaders on that continent—and it makes you proud.

Source: UVM News

A book is made of wood. But it is not a tree. The dead cells have been repurposed to serve another need.

Now a team of scientists has repurposed living cells—scraped from frog embryos—and assembled them into entirely new life-forms. These millimeter-wide “xenobots” can move toward a target, perhaps pick up a payload (like a medicine that needs to be carried to a specific place inside a patient)—and heal themselves after being cut.

“These are novel living machines,” says Joshua Bongard, a computer scientist and robotics expert at the University of Vermont who co-led the new research. “They’re neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal. It’s a new class of artifact: a living, programmable organism.”

The new creatures were designed on a supercomputer at UVM—and then assembled and tested by biologists at Tufts University. “We can imagine many useful applications of these living robots that other machines can’t do,” says co-leader Michael Levin who directs the Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology at Tufts, “like searching out nasty compounds or radioactive contamination, gathering microplastic in the oceans, traveling in arteries to scrape out plaque.”

The results of the new research were published January 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Bespoke living systems

People have been manipulating organisms for human benefit since at least the dawn of agriculture, genetic editing is becoming widespread, and a few artificial organisms have been manually assembled in the past few years—copying the body forms of known animals.

But this research, for the first time ever, “designs completely biological machines from the ground up,” the team writes in their new study.

With months of processing time on the Deep Green supercomputer cluster at UVM’s Vermont Advanced Computing Core, the team—including lead author and doctoral student Sam Kriegman—used an evolutionary algorithm to create thousands of candidate designs for the new life-forms. Attempting to achieve a task assigned by the scientists—like locomotion in one direction—the computer would, over and over, reassemble a few hundred simulated cells into myriad forms and body shapes. As the programs ran—driven by basic rules about the biophysics of what single frog skin and cardiac cells can do—the more successful simulated organisms were kept and refined, while failed designs were tossed out. After a hundred independent runs of the algorithm, the most promising designs were selected for testing.

Then the team at Tufts, led by Levin and with key work by microsurgeon Douglas Blackiston—transferred the in silico designs into life. First they gathered stem cells, harvested from the embryos of African frogs, the species Xenopus laevis. (Hence the name “xenobots.”) These were separated into single cells and left to incubate. Then, using tiny forceps and an even tinier electrode, the cells were cut and joined under a microscope into a close approximation of the designs specified by the computer.

Assembled into body forms never seen in nature, the cells began to work together. The skin cells formed a more passive architecture, while the once-random contractions of heart muscle cells were put to work creating ordered forward motion as guided by the computer’s design, and aided by spontaneous self-organizing patterns—allowing the robots to move on their own.

These reconfigurable organisms were shown to be able move in a coherent fashion—and explore their watery environment for days or weeks, powered by embryonic energy stores. Turned over, however, they failed, like beetles flipped on their backs.

Later tests showed that groups of xenobots would move around in circles, pushing pellets into a central location—spontaneously and collectively. Others were built with a hole through the center to reduce drag. In simulated versions of these, the scientists were able to repurpose this hole as a pouch to successfully carry an object. “It’s a step toward using computer-designed organisms for intelligent drug delivery,” says Bongard, a professor in UVM’s Department of Computer Science and Complex Systems Center.

A manufactured quadruped organism, 650-750 microns in diameter. (Credit: Sam Kriegman, UVM)

Living technologies

Many technologies are made of steel, concrete or plastic. That can make them strong or flexible. But they also can create ecological and human health problems, like the growing scourge of plastic pollution in the oceans and the toxicity of many synthetic materials and electronics. “The downside of living tissue is that it’s weak and it degrades,” say Bongard. “That’s why we use steel. But organisms have 4.5 billion years of practice at regenerating themselves and going on for decades.” And when they stop working—death—they usually fall apart harmlessly. “These xenobots are fully biodegradable,” say Bongard, “when they’re done with their job after seven days, they’re just dead skin cells.”

Your laptop is a powerful technology. But try cutting it in half. Doesn’t work so well. In the new experiments, the scientists cut the xenobots and watched what happened. “We sliced the robot almost in half and it stitches itself back up and keeps going,” says Bongard. “And this is something you can’t do with typical machines.”

University of Vermont professor Josh Bongard. (Photo: Josh Brown)

Cracking the Code

Both Levin and Bongard say the potential of what they’ve been learning about how cells communicate and connect extends deep into both computational science and our understanding of life. “The big question in biology is to understand the algorithms that determine form and function,” says Levin. “The genome encodes proteins, but transformative applications await our discovery of how that hardware enables cells to cooperate toward making functional anatomies under very different conditions.”

To make an organism develop and function, there is a lot of information sharing and cooperation—organic computation—going on in and between cells all the time, not just within neurons. These emergent and geometric properties are shaped by bioelectric, biochemical, and biomechanical processes, “that run on DNA-specified hardware,” Levin says, “and these processes are reconfigurable, enabling novel living forms.”

The scientists see the work presented in their new PNAS study—”A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms,”—as one step in applying insights about this bioelectric code to both biology and computer science. “What actually determines the anatomy towards which cells cooperate?” Levin asks. “You look at the cells we’ve been building our xenobots with, and, genomically, they’re frogs. It’s 100% frog DNA—but these are not frogs. Then you ask, well, what else are these cells capable of building?”

“As we’ve shown, these frog cells can be coaxed to make interesting living forms that are completely different from what their default anatomy would be,” says Levin. He and the other scientists in the UVM and Tufts team—with support from DARPA’s Lifelong Learning Machines program and the National Science Foundation—believe that building the xenobots is a small step toward cracking what he calls the “morphogenetic code,” providing a deeper view of the overall way organisms are organized—and how they compute and store information based on their histories and environment.

Future Shocks

Many people worry about the implications of rapid technological change and complex biological manipulations. “That fear is not unreasonable,” Levin says. “When we start to mess around with complex systems that we don’t understand, we’re going to get unintended consequences.” A lot of complex systems, like an ant colony, begin with a simple unit—an ant—from which it would be impossible to predict the shape of their colony or how they can build bridges over water with their interlinked bodies.

“If humanity is going to survive into the future, we need to better understand how complex properties, somehow, emerge from simple rules,” says Levin. Much of science is focused on “controlling the low-level rules. We also need to understand the high-level rules,” he says. “If you wanted an anthill with two chimneys instead of one, how do you modify the ants? We’d have no idea.”

“I think it’s an absolute necessity for society going forward to get a better handle on systems where the outcome is very complex,” Levin says. “A first step towards doing that is to explore: how do living systems decide what an overall behavior should be and how do we manipulate the pieces to get the behaviors we want?”

In other words, “this study is a direct contribution to getting a handle on what people are afraid of, which is unintended consequences,” Levin says—whether in the rapid arrival of self-driving cars, changing gene drives to wipe out whole lineages of viruses, or the many other complex and autonomous systems that will increasingly shape the human experience.

“There’s all of this innate creativity in life,” says UVM’s Josh Bongard. “We want to understand that more deeply—and how we can direct and push it toward new forms.”

Source: UVM News